Pioneer 11 (also known as Pioneer G) is a NASA robotic space probe launched on April 5, 1973, to study the asteroid belt, the vironmt around Jupiter and Saturn, solar winds, and cosmic rays.
It was the first probe to counter Saturn, the second to fly through the asteroid belt, and the second to fly by Jupiter. Later, Pioneer 11 became the second of five artificial objects to achieve an escape velocity allowing it to leave the Solar System. Due to power constraints and the vast distance to the probe, the last routine contact with the spacecraft was on September 30, 1995, and the last good gineering data was received on November 24, 1995.
Approved in February 1969, Pioneer 11 and its twin probe, Pioneer 10, were the first to be designed for exploring the outer Solar System. Yielding to multiple proposals throughout the 1960s, early mission objectives were defined as:
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A backup unit, Pioneer H, is currtly on display in the "Milestones of Flight" exhibit at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.
The Pioneer 11 bus measures 36 ctimeters (14 in) deep and with six 76-ctimeter-long (30 in) panels forming the hexagonal structure. The bus houses propellant to control the oritation of the probe and eight of the twelve scitific instrumts. The spacecraft has a mass of 259 kilograms.
Hydrazine monopropellant thrusters: pair one maintains a constant spin-rate of 4.8 rpm, pair two controls the forward thrust, pair three controls attitude. Information for the oritation is provided by performing conical scanning maneuvers to track Earth in its orbit,
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The space probe includes a redundant system transceivers, one attached to the high-gain antna, the other to an omni-antna and medium-gain antna. Each transceiver is 8 watts and transmits data across the S-band using 2110 MHz for the uplink from Earth and 2292 MHz for the downlink to Earth with the Deep Space Network tracking the signal. Prior to transmitting data, the probe uses a convolutional coder to allow correction of errors in the received data on Earth.
Pioneer 11 uses four SNAP-19 radioisotope thermoelectric gerators (RTGs) (see diagram). They are positioned on two three-rod trusses, each 3 meters (9 feet 10 inches) in lgth and 120 degrees apart. This was expected to be a safe distance from the ssitive scitific experimts carried on board. Combined, the RTGs provided 155 watts at launch, and decayed to 140 W in transit to Jupiter. The spacecraft requires 100 W to power all systems.
Much of the computation for the mission was performed on Earth and transmitted to the probe, where it is able to retain in memory, up to five commands of the 222 possible tries by ground controllers. The spacecraft includes two command decoders and a command distribution unit, a very limited form of a processor, to direct operations on the spacecraft. This system requires that mission operators prepare commands long in advance of transmitting them to the probe. A data storage unit is included to record up to 6, 144 bytes of information gathered by the instrumts. The digital telemetry unit is th used to prepare the collected data in one of the thirte possible formats before transmitting it back to Earth.
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Measures the fine structure of the interplanetary magnetic field, mapped the Jovian magnetic field, and provides magnetic field measuremts to evaluate solar wind interaction with Jupiter.
Surveys the intsities, ergy spectra, and angular distributions of electrons and protons along the spacecraft's path through the radiation belts of Jupiter and Saturn.
Includes an unfocused Cerkov counter that detects the light emitted in a particular direction as particles passed through it recording electrons of ergy, 0.5 to 12 MeV, an electron scatter detector for electrons of ergy, 100 to 400 keV, and a minimum ionizing detector consisting of a solid-state diode that measured minimum ionizing particles (<3 MeV) and protons in the range of 50 to 350 MeV.
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Meteoroid-asteroid detector looks into space with four non-imaging telescopes to track particles ranging from close by bits of dust to distant large asteroids.
The imaging experimt relies upon the spin of the spacecraft to sweep a small telescope across the planet in narrow strips only 0.03 degrees wide, looking at the planet in red and blue light. These strips are th processed to build up a visual image of the planet.
The Pioneer 11 probe was launched on April 6, 1973, at 02:11:00 UTC, by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration from Space Launch Complex 36A at Cape Canaveral, Florida aboard an Atlas-Ctaur launch vehicle, with a Star-37E propulsion module. Its twin probe, Pioneer 10, had be launched a year earlier on March 3, 1972.
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In May 1974, Pioneer was retargeted to fly past Jupiter on a north–south trajectory, abling a Saturn flyby in 1979. The maneuver used 17 pounds of propellant, lasted 42 minutes and 36 seconds, and increased Pioneer 11's speed by 230 km/h.
Pioneer 11 flew past Jupiter in November and December 1974. During its closest approach, on December 2, it passed 42, 828 kilometers (26, 612 mi) above the cloud tops.
The probe obtained detailed images of the Great Red Spot, transmitted the first images of the immse polar regions, and determined the mass of Jupiter's moon Callisto. Using the gravitational pull of Jupiter, a gravity assist was used to alter the trajectory of the probe towards Saturn and gain velocity. On April 16, 1975, following the Jupiter counter, the micrometeoroid detector was turned off.
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By this time, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 had already passed Jupiter and were also route to Saturn, so it was decided to target Pioneer 11 to pass through the Saturn ring plane at the same position that the soon-to-come Voyager probes would use in order to test the route before the Voyagers arrived. If there were faint ring particles that could damage a probe in that area, mission planners felt it was better to learn about it via Pioneer. Thus, Pioneer 11 was acting as a "pioneer" in a true sse of the word; if danger were detected, th the Voyager probes could be rerouted further away from the rings, but missing the opportunity to visit Uranus and Neptune in the process.
Pioneer 11 imaged and nearly collided with one of Saturn's small moons, passing at a distance of no more than 4, 000 kilometers (2, 500 mi). The object was ttatively idtified as Epimetheus, a moon discovered the previous day from Pioneer's imaging, and suspected from earlier observations by Earth-based telescopes. After the Voyager flybys, it became known that there are two similarly sized moons (Epimetheus and Janus) in the same orbit, so there is some uncertainty about which one was the object of Pioneer's near-miss. Pioneer 11 countered Janus on September 1, 1979 at 14:52 UTC at a distance of 2500 km and Mimas at 16:20 UTC the same day at 103000 km.
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Besides Epimetheus, instrumts located another previously undiscovered small moon and an additional ring, charted Saturn's magnetosphere and magnetic field and found its planet-size moon, Titan, to be too cold for life. Hurtling underneath the ring plane, the probe st back pictures of Saturn's rings. The rings, which normally seem bright wh observed from Earth, appeared dark in the Pioneer pictures, and the dark gaps in the rings se from Earth appeared as bright rings.
On September 29, 1995, NASA's Ames Research Cter, responsible for managing the project, issued a press release that began, "After nearly 22 years of exploration out to the farthest reaches of the Solar System, one of the most durable and productive space missions in history will come to a close." It indicated NASA would use its Deep Space Network antnas to list "once or twice a month" for the spacecraft's signal, until "some time in late 1996" wh "its transmitter will fall silt altogether." NASA Administrator Daniel Goldin characterized Pioneer 11 as "the little spacecraft that could, a verable explorer that has taught us a great deal about the Solar System and, in the d, about our own innate drive to learn. Pioneer 11 is what NASA is all about – exploration beyond the frontier."
NASA terminated routine contact with the spacecraft on September 30, 1995, but continued to make contact for about 2 hours every 2 to 4 weeks.
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Scitists received a few minutes of good gineering data on November 24, 1995, but th lost final contact once Earth moved out of view of the spacecraft's antna.
mi) from the Sun; and traveling at 11.176 km/s (40, 230 km/h; 25, 000 mph) (relative to the Sun) and traveling outward at about 2.36 AU per year.
The spacecraft is heading in the direction of the constellation Scutum near the currt position (January 2023) RA 18h 54m dec -8° 59' (J2000.0), close to Messier 26. In 928, 000 years, it will pass within 0.25pc of the K dwarf TYC 992-192-1,
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Pioneer 11 has now be overtak by the two Voyager probes launched in 1977, and Voyager 1 is now the most
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